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[cfoslib]

Squid Ink
by

Melchor F. Cichon

If you prepare squids for your food, do not squeeze out and wash away
their ink because it contains an anti-cancer substance.

This is the conclusion drawn by a group of Japanese scientists on the
medicinal value of squid ink.

They discovered that squid ink contains mucopolysaccharide which
is "involved in the healing of scars and formation of cartilage."

For more information, please read the excerpt below.

"A research group led by Hajime Matsue at the Aomori Prefecture
Industrial Technology Center first announced in 1990 that squid ink
contains substances with tumour inhibiting activity. The group has
continued to pursue influential research since then. According to
report by Matsue et al., while they were initially researching a
mucopolysaccharide known as chondroitin sulphate (contained abundanly
in cartilage and elsewhere), they noticed that mucopolysaccharides
are also present in squid ink. Moreover, they showed that these were
previously undiscovered types of mucopolysaccharide.
Mucopolysaccharides, major components of cartilage, skin, and others,
normally bond with protein to created a complex called proteoglycan,
and are involved in the healing of scars and formation of cartilage.

"On measuring the tumour inhibition activity of this newly discovered
mucopolysaccharide-peptide complex in squid ink, it was clearly found
to have the effect of curing cancer. The experiment... was conducted
as follows. One million cancer cells were injected into the abdominal
cavity of a number of mice. Then the mucopolysaccharide-peptide
complex from squid ink was injected tinto the abdominal cavity at the
rate of 0.2mg per mouse two days later, four days later, and six days
later. The progress of recovery from the cancer was then observed.
zmice that had received no treatment at all died 2-3 weeks. But those
treated with the mucopolysaccharide-peptide complex showed a 65% rate
of recovery. Moreover, it was also proved that this
mucopolysaccharide-peptide complex had hardly any direct toxicity
towards the tunour cells, but that it activated the macrophage of the
mice. Although it would be too hasty to draw the conclusion that
eating squid ink cures cancer, it is beyond doubt that squid ink
contains substances with outstanding bioactivity. Further research is
therefore expected to develop in future."

Here is another study on squid ink that confirms this early study of
Hajime Matsue.

"The anti-tumor activity of a new type of peptidoglycan isolated from
squid ink was shown to have a cure rate of 64% for Meth A tumor from
BALB/c mice. The ink delipidated in acetone, which contained the
peptidoglycan at 0.1% (w/w), was administered to tumor-transplanted
mice so as to examine the anti-tumor activity. One-fifth of the tumor-
bearing mise was cured with 3 injections (1 mg/head) of the acetone
delipidated squid ink or a prolongation of survival was observed in
the treated animals, Heat treatment at 100 degrees C for 10 min did
not affect the anti-tumor activity of the delipidated ink, its
potentiality being preserved. The acetone-extractable fraction of the
ink also brought about a similar cure rate for Meth A tumor. The
delipidated ink enhanced the phagocytic activity of macrophages but
no direct cytotoxicity was observed for the Meth A tumor cells. Hence
it may be said that the anti-tumor activity of the delipidated ink
was mainly due to the augmented cellular immunity in vivo." (Sasaki
J. et al.)

If this is true, then many Filipinos would benefit from this
discovery since the Philippines is producing a lot of squid. And
squid is one commodity that has been a favorite among Filipinos.

Below is the Philippine squid production through the years, both from
commercial and marine municipal waters.

The productions of squids from the municipal fishing areas from 1950
to 1976 are not available.

This writer failed to get the production of squid from 2002 and above.

Commercial Productions
(from 1950 to 1977 in kilograms; the rest in Metric tons)

1950---11,574
1951---19,092
1952---16,143
1953---22,758
1954---35,760
1955---139,896
1956---138,195
1957---153,654
1958---203,313
1959---355,910
1960---281,420
1961---253,740
1962---1,363,220
1963---2,913,330
1964---3,629,400
1965---4,964,320
1966---5,604,080
1967---4,782,360
1968---9,221,840
1969---6,365,560
1970---5,862,400
1971---5,713,480
1972---7,451,400
1973---7,174,460
1974---9,264,660
1975---13,606,800
1976---10,560,150
1977---12,228,000
1978---16,051
1979---11,830
1980---13,776
1981---10.167
1982---9,789
1983---11,023
1984---10,309
1985---8,496
1986---10,254
1987---11,442
1988---28,962 (Total production)
1989---26, 639 (Total production)
1990---8,831
1991---26,672 (Total production)
1992---39,402 (Total production)
1993---10,169
1994---12,957
1995---13,106
1996---12,840
1997---12,948
1998---13,277
1999---14,584
2000---14,522
2001---14,177

Marine Municipal Production in MT

1977---12,784
1978---10,016
1979--13,665
1980---13,235
1981---17,813
1982---11,200
1983---19,718
1984---10,005
1985---16,127
1986---16,378
1987---14,989
1988--- Pls. see the Commercial production
1989--- do
1990--- 17,743
1991--- Pls. see the Commercial production
1992--- Pls. see the Commercial production
1993---45,620
1994--- 35,991
1995--- 43,309
1996--- 39,618
1997---41,207
1998---35,401
1999---32,531
2000---32,256
2001---33,677

Source:

Masayo Okuzumi and Tateo Fujii, eds. Nutritional and functional
Properties of Squid and Cuttlefish. Japan, National Cooperative
Association of Squid Processors. 2000, p. 140-141.

Sasaki J. Isita K. Takaya Y. Uchisawa H. Matsue H. ANTI-TUMOR
ACTIVITY OF SQUID INK. Journal of Nutritional Science &
Vitaminology. 43(4):455-461, 1997 Aug.Abstract

Philippine Fisheries Statistics
Philippine Fisheries Profile
Philipine Natural Resources Statistics, vol. IV: Fisheries. Manila:
Natural Resources Management Center. Ministry of Natural Resources.
99p.

[cfoslib]

Guimaras Strait: The Fish Basket of Western Visayas
By
Melchor F. Cichon
August 13, 2007

When the oil tanker M/T Solar I sank at the Guimaras Strait on August 11, 2006, Guimaras was given a world wide publicity.

Hundreds of thousands of articles were posted in the internet.

Today, August 9, 2007, 59,100 records were cited by Yahoo.

The incident was dubbed as the worst oil spill in the Philippines.

The oil tanker carried more than 2 million liters of bunker oil and most of this must have been poured into the Guimaras Strait.

Inevitably a lot of planktons, marine grasses, invertebrates, and fishes have been affected by the oil spill including mangroves along the shores of Guimaras.

This article will not deal on the effect of the oil spill in the flora and fauna of Guimaras Strait.

Rather, it would just present the fish production of the Strait from 1953 to 1995. This writer failed to get fish production statistics from 1996 to the present. Guimaras Strait is located between Guimaras Island and the west coast of Negros.

Avillanosa (2005) reports that Guimaras Strait covers about 2,072.54 sq. kms., with an average depth of about 18.29 meters and a muddy bottom. The strait is characterized by shallow sandy shoals along the south and west of Pandan Point, its narrowest part (about 9.66 km. Wide). The tidal current is fairly strong—about 2 knots/hr. during flood. Guimaras Strait is partly exposed to northeast monsoon and sheltered during the southwest monsoon. Below is the description provided by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Coast and Geodetic Survey in its report published in 1940.

Guimaras Strait is located “between Guimaras Island and the west coast of Negros. It has a least width of about 6 miles, but the navigable channels are narrowed by islets and shoals.

“The main channel lies between Nadulao and Inampuluigan Islands and the Iogeog Bank; the easthern channel lies between the Iogeog Bank and Pandan Point, there are several good, narrow channels westward of Inampulugan used by the regular traders, which must be navigated with caution by a stranger, as there are dangers in their northern approach.”

The same source provides a description of its tidal current.

“In Guimaras Strait the flood sets northward and the ebb southward following the general trend of the channel. The highest observed velocity in the vicinity of Pandan Point was about 2 knots, the ebb and flood apparently being about equal. Slack current occurs approximately at the time of high and low water.

”Guimaras Strait is home to a lot of marine resources. This includes the following: Barracuda, cavalle, cuttlefish, dolphin fish, eel, flounders, flying fish, fusiliers, glassfish, goatfish, goby, grouper, jacks, jelly fish, lizard fish, marine turtles, milkfish, mojarra, moonfish, moray, mullets, mussels, octopus, oysters, perchlet, scads, scallops, sea bass, sea catfish, sea cucumber, sea perches, sea urchins, seaweeds and other aquatic plants, shads, sickle fish, siganids, sillago, slipmouth, snapper, spade fish, sponges, squids, surgeon fish, threadfish, wrasses.The fishes in this area are caught with the use of the following fishing gears: bagnet, trawl, long line, beach seine, danish seine, hook and line, ring net, troll line, lift net, push net, filter net, fish pot and spear.

The BAR Chronicle in its April 1-30, 2004 issue reported that the province’s total fish production was 10,00 tons per year.

Based on records, the lowest fish production (1,012,040 kgs) in Guimaras Strait was in 1969 at the height of student activism in our country. This low production continued during Martial Law time. During this period, its fish production did not reach the 10,000,000 kilograms level. It rose to 13,055,560 kilograms only in 1967. But it went down again in 1983 with only 5,441,000 kilograms.

In 1992, the fish production rose to 29,687,000 kilograms. The following year, it reached its peak at 30,209,000 kgs. But then again, it started to decline the following year with 24,163,000 kilograms.

Below is the yearly fish production of Guimaras Strait from 1953 to 1995.

Year Production (kgs)

1953 4,336,488
1954 4,781,920
1955 6,458,964
1956 6,800,961
1957 5,501,697
1958 7,010,646
1959 5,778,960
1960 5,785,110
1961 5,691,780
1962 4,896,300
1963 5,686,020
1964 10,853,000
1965 12,075,400
1966 9,853,720
1967 13,055,560
1968 10,856,320
1969 1,012,040
1970 2,248,960
1971 3,236,120
1972 4,513,480
1973 3,843,570
1974 2,743,130
1975 6,729,740
1976 5,607,290
1977 8,201,000
1978 10,215,000
1979 9,943,000
1980 6,137,000
1981 5,618,000
1982 12,514,000
1983 5,441,000
1984 5,586,000
1985 no record
1986 6,969,000
1987 6,588,000
1988 6,588,000
1989 12,547,000(estimate)
1990 13,796,000
1991 3,782,000
1992 15,144,000
1993 29,687,000
1994 30,209,000
1995 24,163,000

Source: Avillanosa, Arlene L. 2005. Biomass analysis of catch data in central Philippine waters for the period 1978-1987. M.S. thesis, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miag-ao, Iloilo. 126 leaves.
Fisheries Statistics. Manila. Bureau of Fisheries.Philippine Fisheries Profile. Manila. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.

[ChrisJohn]

sir "cfoslib" may study bang available jan sa lib about bullet fish (aloy) migration in panay gulf? or sa mga kalapit na bay bayin? and its feeding grounds... 

[cfoslib]

Sorry, ngayon ko lang nabuksan ito.

Write me again kung kailangan mo pa.

[cfoslib]

For more information on Philippine fisheries statistics, please check this site:

http://philfishstat.blogspot.com/

[cfoslib]

Please see this link for more infor about Philippine fisheries statistics:

http://philfishstat.blogspot.com/

[Rex]

Sir, I think your articles and compilations deserve a separate website. I could set up one for you if you want. philippinefisheries.com sounds good.

[cfoslib]

Dear Rex,

Your suggestion is very good.
I have been thinking that through this site, many UPV fisheries students will benefit from my posts.
Anyway, I already have made a blogspot:http://fisherieslibrarian.blogspot.com/ where I post much of my fisheries articles and statistics.
I am actually thinking of focusing on that site so that it would not eat much of the space of this site.
Again, thank you for your suggestion.

Truly yours,

Sir Mel

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